Organizational Justice, Ethics, and Social Responsibility...

Organizational Justice, Ethics, and Social Responsibility Chapter discussed Organizational Justice, Ethics, and Social Responsibility. While watching CNBC on television, I viewed a documentary on the energy company Enron. Their practices and ethics, or lack thereof are an excellent example of the topics contained in this chapter. Their disregard for ethical behavior and social responsibility, ultimately led to the demise of the company and also caused several members of the company in management positions to be brought to justice in the court systems. Enron was a energy company that was seemingly very profitable, ethical, and successful, as was reflected in their stock price. However, there was a great deal of information withheld from†¦show more content†¦Another OB principle relevant to this situation is the Fair Process Effect. Employees want a voice and to be included in decision making. However, Enron’s lower level workers weren’t accurately informed about their practices. The traders that worked for Enron weren ’t explicitly told about the company’s unethical practices, but over the course of time they became more aware of the things that Enron was doing. However, traders were making a great deal of money from the success of Enron and it’s increasing stock price. During the time of the rolling blackouts in California, there were also wildfires burning. The fires decreased the level of electricity that was allowed to be produced and distributed. Enron used this to their advantage, and greatly increased the cost of electricity to consumers. The traders knew this and profited greatly. So although they were informed of the unethical practices that were going on, their greed made them take advantage of the situation and profit as much as they could. The traders also participated in the unethical practices by asking electric companies to limit their production and output, and even shut down their plants for specified time periods. In essence, they were completely manipulatin g the costs and prices of electricity to the consumer and profiting greatly in the process. Finally, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act which audits companies to ensure that there is ethical behavior inShow MoreRelatedMilton Friedman: The Goal of the Firm744 Words   |  3 Pagesthe only responsibility of a business is to increase its profits. Friedman reasons that corporate executives are employees of the owners of the business, or the stockholders, and as such have a fiduciary duty as agents to principals. The concept of social responsibility implies something other than to increase profits and if executives spend company funds in this regard they are spending someone elses money without their consent. Friedman equates spending company money to discharge social responsibilitiesRead MorePros And Cons Of Having A Professional Code Of Ethics1683 Words   |  7 PagesPros and Cons of Having a Professional Code of Ethics Introduction A professional code of ethics acts as a guide concerning ethical conduct in a given profession. However, over time, it has been termed as an impediment to intellectual and moral developments. This way or another, there are advantages as well as disadvantages that emanate from applying the professional code of ethics depending on the context of practices. For this reason, this paper discusses both sides: positive and negative effectsRead MoreEthical Implications Of Ethical Issues Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pagesto this emerging responsibility of organizations. 1.1. Growth and Ethics Consumer’s Perspective According to Shaw and Shiu, (2003) the concerns for ethical issues have been well documented in the ethical literature. 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It takes us step by step through the conceptual ideas of each chapter and how these concepts are applicable in the real world. The first chapter introduces us to the basics of organizational behavior and the challenges that individuals face in today’s competitive world. An organization is an integration of people, structure and technology to meet an objectiveRead MoreEthics And Values And Ethics872 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics and values are a part of every human being, but not everyone has the same set. The ethics and values that a person may have usually come from their upbringing, religion, and other circumstances they may go through. To be a successful manager, one must know a few things about ethics and values and be socially responsible. The first thing managers need to know is that employees with higher ethics and values most often believe in a higher authority, such as a supreme deity. 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Models of Instructional Design Free Essays

In the article, Reclaiming Instructional Design, Merrill et al. (1966) highlight the significant relationship between science of instruction and the technology of instructional design (ID). They argue that science and instructional design with the application and production of technology are closely associated with each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Instructional Design or any similar topic only for you Order Now They also highlight the role of instructional design in the development and improvement of the learning processes and outcomes since instructional design follows scientific bases and strategies found in the existing literature regarding technology and education. The International Board of Standards for Training, Performance and Instruction (IBSTPI; 2003) provides code of ethical standards for instructional designers in order to ensure a good working environment and condition with the company and other people in the workplace. This paper presents the concepts, theories, and components of instructional design, including its relationship with the learning theories, and the tasks and skills required for instructional designers as they contribute to the positive outcome of learning with the use of technology. Instructional design (ID) has been thought of as a variation or modification of the concept of educational technology which evolved in the United States in the 1950s (Peters, 1967). It is associated with modes of artistic production and it is considered as a mode of producing or developing instruction, specific means of cultural transmission, and a way of organizing learning processes in the educational arena (Dijkstra, Schott, Seel, Tennyson, 1997, p. 27). Instructional design, as perceived by Dijkstra et al. (1997, p. 28) is in some ways different from educational technology because: (1) it involves different learning cultures from different â€Å"pedagogies† and sciences (Reigeluth, 1996); (2) â€Å"it reaches beyond the isolated ‘culture-free’ concepts by thoroughly analyzing the contexts into which the units are embedded (Jencks, 1975); and it integrates any of the different modes of production whose products are the outcome of open-ended structures that promote self-directed learning processes. It is assumed that instructional design involves the conditions of learning should be appropriate to the learning outcomes, problem-solving, and assessment activities (Jonassen, 2004, p. 146). Instructional design differentiates instructional design process from the production process. According to Gentry (1994), designing instruction is more important for it involves the identification and development of objectives, activities and evaluation protocols to promote learning while production process focuses on the creation and design of the tangible products such as videotapes, posters, booklets, worksheets as the outcome of the overall instructional design. Learning theories are often confused with Instructional design theories. However, the theory of learning can be differentiated from the instructional design theory in such a way that the former is descriptive – describes how learning occurs – while the latter offers direct guidance in effectively helping people in learning and development which may include cognitive, emotional, social, physical, and spiritual aspects (Reigeluth, 1983, p. 5). Contemporary theory of learning holds the view that â€Å"ideas have little, if any, meaning unless and until they are embedded in some authentic context† (Spiro et al., 1987 cited in Jonassen, 2004, p. 102). Instruction need to be clear, specific, and detailed in explaining particular contexts instead of teaching abstract rules and principles which are usually difficult to understand. This way, learning and understanding concepts would be easily retained, more generative and meaningful, and more broadly and more accurately be transferred. Schema theory, like the theory of human development, is one of the learning theories. It suggests that â€Å"new knowledge is acquired by accretion into an existing schema, by tuning that schema when minor inconsistencies emerge, and by restructuring that schema when major inconsistencies arise† (Rummelhart Norman, 1978 cited in Reigeluth, 1983, p. 12). It means that the learner can better understand a concept when there is already an existing knowledge about a new concept. On the other hand, Instructional design does not describe what goes on inside a learner’s head when learning occurs. Instead, they describe specific events outside of the learner which can be more directly and easily applied in solving problems. An important characteristic of Instructional design theories is that they are design or goal oriented. ID theories are not like descriptive theories, which are used for prediction or for explanation (Reigeluth, 1983, p. 7). Although instructional design theories are more effective, the theories of learning are still important in education since it is important foe instructional designers to also know theories of learning and human development (Winn, 1997, p. 37) for they are the actually the foundation for understanding how Instructional design theory works to help educators invent new and efficient instructional methods (Reigeluth, 1983, p. 13; Dijkstra et al., 1997, pp. 55-56). Two components of instructional design theories include (1) methods of instruction, those that are used in facilitating human learning and development, and (2) situations (those aspects of the context that do influence selection of methods) that determine whether those methods are to be used or not. This component proposes that â€Å"one method may work best in one situation, while another may work best in a different situation† (Reigeluth, 1983, p. 8). ID methods are also considered componential because each of them has different components or features that can be used or done in different ways and in different time (Reigeluth, 1983, p. 10). It is therefore important to apply methods only when they are appropriate or needed in a particular instance. Instructional designers are called to use deductive method of instruction by analyzing and sequencing concepts based on importance, complexity or specificity. They should also integrate and review concepts since elaboration and repetition can help them understand better the lessons to be learned (Reigeluth, 1983; Reigeluth Darwazeh, 1982 cited in Dijkstra et al., 1997, p. 9). They are also required to repeat the process of decontextualization of the knowledge resource and recontextualizion of the knowledge for the intended use (p. 24). Modern classroom teachers, as instructional designers (Dick Carey,1978), should have at least a basic understanding of instructional media production in order to work effectively regardless of the extent or frequency of his/her participation (Brown, 2004, p. 265). Milheim Osciak (2001, p. 355) contend that the instructional designers’ task is to use various instructional methods to achieve their instructional goals. Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences (Gardner, 1993) may be considered when planning specific instructional activities and the traditional instructional strategies may be integrated to effectively cater to the different learning environments, resources, and students. Zhang (2001) asserts that taking into considerations individual differences can make ID produce a desirable outcome. Thus, motivation and the recognition of psychological characteristics of each learner are also important. According to Winn (1987, pp. 39–41), instructional designers should focus their concentration on the mechanisms by means of which decisions are made instead of getting involved direct instructional decision-making. They are also required to use instructional strategies that mesh with cognitive theory and regularly track the students’ learning condition in all aspects of development. In conclusion, instructional design as a scientific process that involves the process and production of technology can be used to improve and develop learners to become more effective not only in understanding concepts but also in making-decisions logically, and applying things they have learned efficiently. Successful use and implementation of ID requires instructional designers’ or teachers’ capability to use teaching and assessment methods that are appropriate to the situation, time, resources, students’ abilities and individual differences. References Brown, A. (2004). Building Blocks for Information Architects: Teaching Digital Media Production within an Instructional Design Program. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 13(3), 265+. Dick, W. Carey, L. (2001). The systematic design of instruction: Origins of systematically designed instruction. In Ely, D.P. Plomp, T. (Eds.), Classic writings on instructional technology 2. (pp. 71-80) Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited. Dijkstra, S., Schott, F., Seel, N. M., Tennyson, R. D. (1997). Instructional Design: International Perspectives 1. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Gentry, C.G. (1994). Introduction to instructional development: Process and technique. In Brown, A. (2004). Building Blocks for Information Architects: Teaching Digital Media Production within an Instructional Design Program. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 13(3), 265. Jencks C. ( 1975). The rise of post-modern architecture. (17-34). In Dijkstra et al., (1997). Instructional Design: International Perspectives 1 (p. 28). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Jonassen, D. H. (Ed.) (2004). Learning to Solve Problems: An Instructional Design Guide. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Milheim, W. D. Osciak, S. Y. (2001). Multiple Intelligence and the Design of Web-Based Instruction. Journal Title: International Journal of Instructional Media 28(4), 355+. Peters O. ( 1967). Das Fernstudium an Università ¤ten und Hochschulen, didaktische Struktur und vergleichende Interpretation. In Dijkstra et al., (1997). Instructional Design: International Perspectives 1 (p. 27). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Reigeluth, C. M. ( 1983). â€Å"Instructional design: What is it and why is it?† In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional design theories and models (pp. 279-333). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Reigeluth, C. M. ( 1996). A new paradigm of ISD? Educational Technology (pp. 13-20). In Dijkstra et al., (1997). Instructional Design: International Perspectives 1 (p. 28). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Reigeluth, C. M., Darwazeh, A. N. ( 1982). â€Å"The elaboration theory’s procedures for designing instruction: A conceptual approach†. Journal of Instructional Development, 5, 22-32. Reigeluth, C. M. (Ed.) (1983). Instructional design Theories and Models: A New Paradigm of Instructional Theory 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Spiro, R. J., et al., (1987). Knowledge Acquisition for Application: Cognitive Flexibility and Transfer in Complex Content Domains. In Jonassen, D. H. (Ed.) (2004). Learning to Solve Problems: An Instructional Design Guide. San Francisco: Pfeiffer, p. 102. Winn, W. (1997). Advantages of a theory-building curriculum in instructional technology. Educational Technology, 37(1), 34–41. Zhang, J. X. (2001). Cultural Diversity in Instructional Design. Journal Title: International Journal of Instructional Media 28(3), 299. 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Globalisation Influenced free essay sample

Culture can be generally defined as the way of life of a people, it refers to the socially learned behaviors, beliefs, and values that the member of a group or society share. (Sees and Succeeds, 2001 , pep). For example, form Struck to Macdonald, American life style is influencing Individuals all around the world in deferent ways. The evidence of these affects Includes the expansion of Hollywood film, fast food and hip-hop music In many countries. The Influence of globalization on music Is significant In China, especially for youth music. For instance, English words are used commonly inChinese pop songs and Chinese rock and roll bands are developing; the music styles of hip-hop and RB have been adopted into Chinese pop songs and have achieved success. In the first part of this essay, I will define the concept of globalization and then go on to discuss it In relation to the change of music by globalization in China through three aspects: the development of accessibility to music In China; the growth of music variety; the development of multi-notational record corporations and international cooperation between recording companies; and the influence of music piracy in China. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalisation Influenced or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since the asses, the structure of Chinese music (mainland China) has changed dramatically. Due to the change and development of policies, different types of music were allowed to the public. Pop music especially from Honking and Taiwan became popular in mainland China very rapidly. The popularity of songs for the army, party, communism and revolution since asses were taken over by pop music to a great extent. Since the asses, globalization has developed rapidly because of the development of technologies for communication and transportation.Because globalization is entirely cent historical turn (Schools, 2000, pep), the processes of changes on music structures in China is not a long history. Globalization also has defined the world as a single place (Featheriness, 1995, pep) regardless of geographic difference. The development of the Internet plays an important role in globalization. It has provided new channel for worldwide communication. The birth of the Internet has become one of the most important conditions for the development of globalization.As we are living in an information-rich age (Chairman, 2007, up), the spread of the Internet has evilly influenced peoples life style. For example, the influence on music, Internet users can upload music from the Internet to share with other people; they can also download music from the Internet; and floggers can keep music in their websites and share with other blob users. In China, the Internet search engine Baud even provides links to other websites for Internet users to download music online. Internet users can purchase single songs or albums through the Internet at home. For small scale music making, Internet users upload home-made music online to share with there people. The research shows that it took electricity 50 years to reach 50 million users in the United States, whereas it took radio 38 years, it took personal computers 16 years, it took television 13 years, and it took the Internet Just 4 years. (Rice, and Katz, 2004, Pl 22). Digitally network technology promises to reach a global audience, from anywhere at very low cost. (Seersucker, Slims and Wallis, 2001, UP) In conclusion, due to rapid development of technology in China, the spread of the Internet provides people an online communication environment. Through the improved media channels, including the Internet, Chinese people also gain 10-3-24 promo:28 opportunities to hear more music styles from all around the world. Professional pop singers also adopted foreign music style to Chinese pop songs and achieved success. For example, Chinese singers Coco Lee, Jay Chow and Lemon Wong are three popular Chinese R or Hip hop singers and they all won best songs or best singers in important rewards in China.Especially Coco Lee, her music style includes American hip hop, r and Chinese pop, which is quite different from other musicians in China. She is the first Chinese who perform in the 73rd Oscar Academy Awards by singing one of the Academy Award nominee for Best Original song. Concert in Los Angles, USA. As Fig 1 shows, she will have a world tour with her latest Mandarin album East to West, including to the Americas and other places. Fig 1 . The poster of Coco Lees East to West gigs In contrast, many foreign singers also hold gigs in China because of the globalization effect.Not only Asian artists from Korea, Japan and Singapore but also some musicians from European countries have successfully opened their music racket in China (I. E. Black Eyed peas, April Leaving and Beyond). As Fig 2 shows, it is the poster of Bounces concert in Beijing, 2009. Fig 2. The poster of Bounces Beijing concert 2009 It is the evidence that the new music styles are accepted by Chinese young people and are also becoming a fashion icon. Another example is the spread of hip-hop music in China.Hip-hop was started in America, however, America is not the only factor that influenced China. Since hip-hop music has been popular in Japan and South Korea, it also influenced the choice of Chinese people. Japanese hip-hop, Inch began in the asses and continues to develop today, is an intriguing case study for exploring the globalization of popular culture. (Condor, 2001 , IPPP) The culture of hip-hop in dance, rapping, decaying and visual art (Giddier, 2002, p 210) have Changed young generations life style. Hip-pop clubs also appeared in China, especially in cities.Club culture has changed from prostituting spots in the asses into western style clubs since the asses which are also more open for young people. In addition, hip-hop not only influenced the change of popular music, it also influenced young peoples dress style. The fashion style from Japan and South Korea plays an important role for the fashion trend in China, and thus hip-hop style has become a fashion icon since it is popular in both Japan and South Korea. There is no hop culture on China can be therefore treated as a sample of the desire of getting in touch of western cultures for Chinese young generation.Apart from the Internet, the development of multi-national music record companies is another reason to affect the change of the Chinese music market. Multi-national music record companies eve entered the Chinese market since the development of globalization. The Integration of production, exploitation and user one corporate roof (I. E. Multinational publishing, recording, broadcasting and Internet services) thus may reduce the value afforded to music creators and raise competition concerns. (Seersucker, Slims and Annals, 2001, PEP) International record companies and media companies in China offer Chinese people more choices of music products and also a cheaper price. Because multi-national firms take advantage of sharing sources globally, the growth of multi-national record impasses in China has introduced a wider range of music products from other countries and offers the pubic a lower price due to the reduced cost. The increasing market share of international record firms helps the Chinese music product market become more standardized and international.In addition, multi-national record firms also promote Chinese music in other cultures. However, globalization also has negative effect to Chinese society. Because technological advancements have made t exceedingly easy to produce greater quantities of pirated merc handise of increasingly high quality (Martha, 2005, Pl 19), music piracy is currently very common in China through different channels, especially through the Internet and computer disc. Regulations such as intellectual property protection and copyright are not standardized in China.As a result, pirated music products are taking profits away from music record labels companies, and also cultivate a culture of consuming pirated music products. Internet music piracy has increased especially rapidly in recent years. For instance, almost all the popular songs from Japan, South Korea, America, I-J and Australia can be found online without the authorization of their copyright owners (Church, 2004, up) and most of these songs are free to be downloaded or listened to online. The availability of music products online has changed peoples consumption behavior significantly.Further more, because of the lack of the legal environment to protect intelligentsia properties and copy-right, a great number of music consumers in China have not yet treated media piracy as same as other traditional crimes, they therefore ignored the follow the copyright protecting regulations. Copyright-fr iendly norms have been slow to take root in Chinas consumer base. (Martha, 2005, Pl 19). In conclusion, the influences of creates connections between different cultural groups, which reduces stereotyping and reduces inter-group conflict among different cultures.For example, n China, new music styles are introduced from other cultures such as Japan, South Korea, America and Europe. At the same time, Chinese folk music and traditional opera has had the opportunities to go to international platforms. The development of the Internet allows people to access music all over the world, which means it revised an advanced music communication channel for Chinese people. The Internet also allows small groups of people to express their music and other creative products.